Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and filler rods to fuse two pieces of metal together. It typically provides a cleaner, smoother and more aesthetically pleasing finish than MIG welding, making it ideal for a variety of applications that require more cosmetic welds (such as during car manufacturing). Like MIG welding, an electrical arc is created between the tungsten electrode and the metal being welded. At the same time, an inert shielding gas (typically argon) is fed along the same supply line as the electrode to protect the weld pool from oxidising and weakening the weld.

Spot welding (also known as resistance spot welding) is a type of welding primarily used to join two or more metal sheets. This is achieved by applying pressure, and heat generated by an electric current, to the welding area.

The process involves placing copper alloy electrodes in contact with the sheet surfaces. When pressure and electric current are applied, heat is produced as the current passes through the resistive materials, melting the two surfaces and fusing the two pieces when it cools.

Stud welding is the process of welding a metal fastener or special nut onto a piece of metal. The process typically involves placing the weld stud against the base metal and then using a machine to create an arc between them. The intense heat generated melts the end of the stud and a small area of the base metal, which fuses them together as they cool.

Stud welding uses a flux tip and a ferrule (a ceramic ring which concentrates the heat and prevents oxidation by retaining the molten metal in the weld zone). The ferrule breaks off the fastener once the weld is complete.

Linishing uses grinders and special belt sanders (called linishers) to remove sharp edges and deburr metal parts to provide a consistent and pleasing finish. Depending on the type of linisher used, different surface finishes can be achieved, including brushed, grained and satin effects. Once a metal part has been through the linishing process, it can move on to be coated or polished if needed.

CNC stud welding machines use computer numerical control (CNC) to automatically weld fasteners and studs on to metal sheets. They are highly accurate as they use linear encoders to add studs into the exact programmed position on the sheet without the need for a human operator. Automating this process means that studs can be welded to the sheets quicker and more accurately.